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Collection

 🌐Mostafa Ismail:IP Consultant and Expert_ Article/ Procedures for Trademark Registration in the Arab Republic of Egypt.

<div style="text-align:left;">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Artificial
Intelligence and Intellectual Property Rights Between Technological Revolution
and Legal Challenges.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The world has
witnessed an unprecedented revolution in recent years across various fields,
thanks to the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies. This
revolution has encompassed scientific and administrative aspects, and even
extended to literary and artistic domains. Such immense progress has opened
wide the door to fundamental questions concerning how to protect intellectual
property rights, whether industrial or literary, in light of the growing
capabilities of artificial intelligence in innovation and creation.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Amidst this
technological boom, it has become essential to ask: can this revolution be
controlled and clear legal frameworks legislated to govern the uses of
artificial intelligence and safeguard the rights of creators, or will the gap
widen, making it difficult for humans in the future to control infringements of
intellectual property rights? In either case, there remains an urgent need to
establish national legislations and international agreements that regulate this
rapidly evolving sector.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">First: Industrial
Property Facing Artificial Intelligence

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Patents and trademarks
are among the most prominent components of industrial property, and they have
enjoyed precise legal regulation over the past decades through local and
international legislations. However, artificial intelligence has become a
direct challenge to this system, as it is now capable of developing inventions
and generating ideas that may exceed in complexity what humans create. This
raises legal questions about the eligibility of these innovations for legal
protection, and who owns their rights: the human who developed the algorithm?
Or the system itself?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Furthermore, the
capabilities of artificial intelligence to generate distinctive marks in terms
of shape, name, or even advertising campaigns threaten to exceed the
traditional standards set by patent offices and trademark protection agencies,
necessitating a re-evaluation of the currently applied controls and standards.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Second: Copyright and
Neighboring Rights Before Automated Creativity

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Copyright was not
immune to this technological revolution. Artificial intelligence is now capable
of composing music, writing texts, and creating artworks in their various
forms, making the question of determining the "true author" a major
point of contention. Is the work created by artificial intelligence the
property of the person who developed the program? Or should the concept of
"author" be redefined in this context?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">This new reality has
spawned unprecedented legal challenges, particularly in the absence of specific
legislation clarifying how to regulate the relationship between the concerned
parties, whether individuals or legal entities, such as companies, digital platforms,
and others.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">A First Step Towards
Regulation: The European Parliament Initiative

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In an attempt to keep
pace with technological developments, the European Parliament established the
first legislative framework defining the controls for the use of artificial
intelligence. This marked an important starting point that prompted many countries
to reconsider their laws, either by updating existing legislation or creating
new rules. This global trend has demonstrated the urgent need to regulate
artificial intelligence within clear legal systems that ensure the protection
of civil and criminal rights, and balance innovation with the protection of
human rights and the rights of creators.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Conclusion

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">There is no doubt that
artificial intelligence represents a major cognitive and technological
revolution, but at the same time, it poses complex legal challenges, especially
concerning intellectual property rights. While legislators in various countries
around the world strive to keep pace with this transformation, the need remains
for broad international cooperation to ensure the creation of a delicate
balance between technological development and the protection of intellectual
property rights, which are the foundation of human creativity.
</div>
</div>

🌐 Asem Adel Gad, Lawyer and Arbitrator in Intellectual Property ,Board Member of  The ( SIPA) Artical / Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Rights Between Technological Revolution and Legal Challenges.

🌐Salah Fayez Hashem :Branding & Visual Identity Consultant | IP Expert | International Trainer.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Protecting
Fashion and Textile Designs with Intellectual Property Laws

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The fashion industry
is one of the most influential creative industries in the contemporary world,
representing a link between art and function, and combining traditional
craftsmanship with technological innovation. Fashion designs are more than just
fabrics and threads transformed into attractive products that can be worn; they
are also products that reflect the cultural and social orientations of fashion
designers towards producing designs that express their vision or experience in
each era. As a form of art and creativity, fashion designs require legal
protection that ensures the rights of designers and creators and prevents the
unauthorized exploitation of their ideas and designs, especially with the
significant development that the fashion industry is witnessing globally and
the ease of dissemination of this industry.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Challenges Facing
the Fashion Industry

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The fashion industry
faces several legal challenges that make it more vulnerable to copying and
counterfeiting, especially in light of globalization and the development of
media, which has made it easy to transfer information and data. Anyone can
obtain fashion designs and imitate them without obtaining permission from the
original designer. This exposes designers to the risk of commercial
exploitation of their ideas without any compensation or benefit, negatively
impacting the creative environment and limiting the growth of the fashion
industry.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Protecting Fashion and
Textile Designs

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Protecting fashion and
textile designs is a crucial element in supporting designers and enabling them
to benefit from their creative efforts. To ensure the protection of fashion
designs, intellectual property laws provide protection for fashion designers
and textile designers, preserving their creative efforts through various legal
tools. The form of protection varies depending on the nature of the design, its
creativity, and its distinctiveness.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">*Protection of Fashion
Designs through Industrial Designs*

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">This type of
protection is one of the most suitable means of protecting fashion designs, as
it focuses on protecting the external visual appearance of a product, including
lines, colors, ornaments, size, texture, packaging, and two-dimensional and
three-dimensional shapes, and all other elements. Protecting fashion designs
through industrial designs grants the owner exclusive rights to exploit them
for a period ranging from ten to twenty-five years, depending on the country.
During this period, the designer can commercially exploit their designs and
prevent others from copying or imitating them without obtaining permission.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">*Protection of Fashion
Designs through Copyright*

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Protecting fashion
designs through copyright protects the artistic form of clothing designs,
handbags, fabric patterns, unique ornaments, or drawn designs, or some sculpted
elements that are part of the product if they bear an original creative
character. This type of protection extends throughout the designer's lifetime
and for at least fifty years after their death. However, this protection is
limited to the artistic details of the creation and does not extend to the
general idea of the design.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">*Protection of Fashion
Designs through Trademarks*

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Trademarks play a
significant role in protecting and establishing a distinctive identity for
designers and fashion houses. Symbols associated with fashion, such as
distinctive trade names, logos, and images that indicate the source of fashion
and textiles, are protected because they link the product to the public,
ensuring that consumers recognize the fashion bearing the trademark as
trustworthy in terms of quality and authenticity.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">*Protection of Fashion
Designs through Patents*

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Protecting fashion
designs through patents represents another legal tool for protecting technical
innovations in the fashion field. However, patents do not provide protection
for the external appearance of a product but are limited to protecting technical
innovations, such as new knitting methods or the invention of smart wearable
fabrics. Although patents provide a form of protection, they are not a
comprehensive tool for protecting fashion designs as a whole, as they focus
only on technical innovations.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Challenges and
Limitations

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Despite the existence
of various legal tools for protecting fashion designs, the fashion industry
faces significant challenges related to design protection. One of the most
prominent challenges is counterfeiting, which negatively impacts creativity and
innovation. Many fashion designs are illegally copied without any compensation
or recognition of the rights of their owners, which may limit the development
of the industry. Additionally, the short lifecycle of fashion designs poses a
challenge for some fashion designers, especially emerging designers, in
registering their designs due to the lengthy process required for registering
intellectual property rights.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">However, the biggest
challenge remains, and it does not only lie in the necessity of enacting
legislations or laws, but rather in how to activate and develop them to be more
capable of keeping pace with the nature of the fashion industry, which is
characterized by continuous change and development. Furthermore, raising
awareness and providing legal support among designers themselves, especially
small designers, to understand the available legal rights and avoid falling
into loopholes that others may exploit, is crucial. This can be achieved
through training platforms that work on spreading the culture of intellectual
property and raising awareness of the importance of protecting it to ensure the
continuity of creativity and the development of the fashion industry as a vital
artistic sector that contributes to economic growth and enhances the country's
standing.

🌐Dr. Ahmed Maher Refaey : Chairman of SIPA (Artical ) Protecting Fashion and Textile Designs with Intellectual Property Laws

Franchising
Contracts: A Tool for Multinational Corporations to Expand Globally

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In the era of economic
globalization and the expansion of corporate activities across borders,
franchising contracts have become one of the most important legal and
commercial tools relied upon by multinational corporations to enhance their
presence in global markets. The franchising contract is considered a relatively
modern contract, having clearly emerged in the second half of the 20th century,
and its importance has increased with the emergence of the World Trade
Organization and the increase in the freedom of movement of goods and services
across countries.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Historical
Development of Franchising Contracts

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Although modern
franchising contracts are a relatively recent legal and economic phenomenon,
their roots date back centuries. Early forms of these contracts appeared in the
Middle Ages, where nobles in Europe granted rights to exploit land or collect
taxes in exchange for financial returns.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Legal Concept of a
Franchising Contract

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">A franchising contract
can be defined as a contract concluded between two legally independent parties
(the franchisor and the franchisee), whereby the franchisor grants the
franchisee the right to exploit the trademark, technical know-how, and business
method, in exchange for the franchisee's commitment to pay a financial fee and
comply with the conditions set by the franchisor.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Basic Elements of
a Franchising Contract

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">A franchising contract
consists of several basic elements that distinguish it from other contracts,
including:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Trademark and trade
name

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Transfer of
technical and administrative know-how

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Legal and financial
independence

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Financial
consideration

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Ongoing supervision

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Importance of
Franchising Contracts in International Corporate Activities

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Franchising contracts
play a pivotal role in the expansion of corporations across borders, for
several reasons, including:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Rapid expansion with
reduced risks

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Utilizing local
knowledge

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Enhancing the brand
globally

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Achieving
sustainable financial returns

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Legal and Economic
Challenges of International Franchising Contracts

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Despite the many
benefits of franchising contracts, they face some challenges, especially in the
international context, including:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Legal differences
between countries

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Difficulty in
controlling quality

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">- Competition with
former franchisees

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Conclusion

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Franchising contracts
are an effective tool for corporations seeking to expand globally, offering
many benefits such as reducing costs, utilizing local expertise, and enhancing
the brand. However, the success of these contracts requires establishing a clear
legal framework, selecting competent franchisees, and ensuring effective
quality control.

🌐Dr. Mohamed AlQourany (Article) Intellectual property expert Board Member ( SIPA ) & Cassation lawyer

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Settling
Intellectual Property Disputes through Mediation according to the Provisions of
the Singapore Convention 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The laws of all
countries have recognized the right of every individual to resort to the
judiciary in civil courts, considering it a general principle in all public
disputes, except for those specifically excluded. This is because the courts of
countries are constitutionally the official bodies responsible for adjudicating
disputes arising between individuals or institutions, by protecting the rights
and legal positions of individuals based on a court decision or order after
studying the facts and applying the applicable legal rule to the case
presented.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">However, with the
increasing number of lawsuits and the slowness and complexity of litigation
procedures, which sometimes deny justice, individuals have turned to
alternative means of dispute resolution that help alleviate the burden on state
courts and reach a satisfactory outcome for all parties.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The growth of
international transactions has multiplied the number of disputes arising from
international contracts concluded between parties across borders, especially in
the field of intellectual property. Intellectual property rights have become
wealth possessed by countries and individuals. With the increase in trade
movement, globalization, and technological development in concluding contracts
over the internet, and the resulting legal positions that may be disputed upon
implementation, parties to contracts have resorted to ordinary judiciary,
leading to an accumulation and increase in disputes before the judiciary and
delays in adjudicating them due to lengthy and complex procedures and the
tactics of disputants in delaying adjudication.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">This has led foreign
countries to adopt alternative means of dispute resolution, particularly in the
field of intellectual property. One of these means is mediation, which frees
disputants from the formal procedures accompanying litigation before state courts.
Mediation is an alternative means of dispute resolution, especially in the
field of intellectual property, which usually attracts foreign investors from
countries that care greatly about investing in countries that follow simple
procedures in resolving intellectual property disputes.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The use of the term
"alternative means" by countries in the modern era is not entirely
accurate. Alternative means, such as mediation, have existed since ancient
times, long before the establishment of formal courts. However, countries'
reliance on the judiciary to adjudicate disputes between disputants for an
extended period until the modern era, and the increasing accumulation of
pending cases in courts and their rising costs, have led countries to revert to
traditional means of dispute resolution, adopting them as alternative means
that are faster and less costly.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the Singapore
Convention on Mediation, which provides a legal framework for the enforcement
of settlement agreements resulting from international commercial mediation. The
Convention was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 20,
2018. The Convention aims to provide a uniform legal framework for the
enforcement of international settlement agreements resulting from mediation,
facilitating the resolution of commercial disputes arising from international
transactions.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Convention is
based on the benefits of mediation as an alternative means of dispute
resolution, recognizing that mediation provides an effective and efficient
means of resolving commercial disputes, saving time and costs for businesses
and countries. The Convention allows parties to shape the mediation process to
suit their needs, preserving business relationships.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Singapore
Convention is modeled after the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement
of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), which provides a common
legislative standard for the recognition and enforcement of arbitration
agreements and foreign arbitral awards. The Singapore Convention aims to
achieve the same for mediation settlement agreements, providing a uniform
framework for their enforcement.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">To facilitate the use
of mediation by countries under the Singapore Convention, UNCITRAL issued a
Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement
Agreements Resulting from Mediation (2018), which can be adopted as a standalone
law or as a law implementing the Singapore Convention. The Model Law aims to
strike a balance between protecting the integrity of the mediation process and
providing maximum flexibility in the mediation process, while maintaining the
independence of the disputing parties.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The primary purpose of
enacting mediation laws is to balance the protection of the mediation process's
integrity with the need to provide maximum flexibility in the mediation
process. This includes provisions to facilitate resorting to mediation, establishing
institutions or organizations concerned with mediation, appointing mediators,
and protecting the confidentiality of commercial transactions between disputing
parties.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In conclusion, the
Singapore Convention on Mediation provides a uniform legal framework for the
enforcement of settlement agreements resulting from international commercial
mediation, facilitating the resolution of commercial disputes arising from
international transactions. The Convention aims to provide a common legislative
standard for the recognition and enforcement of mediation settlement
agreements, similar to the New York Convention on arbitration awards.

 🌐Dr.Emad al hadidy Settling Intellectual Property Disputes through Mediation according to the Provisions of the Singapore Convention 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The Electronic Judge:
"Artificial Intelligence" The Upcoming Revolution in the Judicial
System.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Can a machine replace a human
judge?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">On the World Intellectual Property Day, the world
focuses on the importance of protecting intellectual innovations and human
creativity. With technological advancements, artificial intelligence has begun
to contribute to the development of the judicial system, especially in the
field of electronic litigation. With the increasing interest in digital
transformation, the idea of using artificial intelligence as a judge to
adjudicate cases has emerged.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">This year, as we celebrate this day, it has become
important to highlight the idea of using artificial intelligence as an "e-
judge," an innovative step aimed at accelerating judicial procedures and
reducing costs. It is the present and the future, but what does "e-
judge" mean? And how does it work?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The electronic judge or electronic litigation is the
process of using information and communication technology in judicial
procedures, starting from filing cases and legal documents online, through
attending remote sessions, and ending with issuing judgments by electronic
systems that rely on artificial intelligence by simulating human mental
processes such as thinking, learning, and decision-making.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">The e-judge works similarly to how a human judge
works, but using precise mathematical criteria. It relies on algorithms that
study judicial precedents, laws, and evidence presented in the case, and then
provides a judgment based on a logical analysis of these elements. This is done
through algorithms for processing and analyzing legal data, by entering a huge
database of previous judgments, analyzing the data of the current case, and
issuing judicial rulings based on that data.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Although the idea may seem strange at first, some
countries have already begun experimenting with this technology. China is one
of the first countries to start using artificial intelligence in the judicial
system effectively. In August 2017, China launched the "Smart Judge"
experiment in the e-commerce complex in Qiang Province, where artificial
intelligence was used to issue judgments in simple commercial cases, online
commercial disputes, and copyright cases.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In the same context, according to the Supreme
People's Court, one aspect of China's new court system is the "Mobile
Court," which is presented on the WeChat platform, a popular social media
platform in China. WeChat has handled more than 3 million legal cases or other
judicial procedures since it began. Case filing, hearings, evidence exchange,
and judgment issuance are all done without anyone physically appearing in the
courtroom. This system has been launched in 12 other provinces and regions in
China.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In the United States, artificial intelligence has
begun to be used in other areas within the judicial system, such as legal
research and assistance in making decisions related to judicial precedents.
Systems like "ROSS Intelligence" rely on artificial intelligence to
help lawyers find similar judicial rulings faster. Blockchain technology helps
simplify and create clearer records of the legal process. Although these
systems do not issue legal judgments directly, their use enhances the ability of
judges to make more accurate decisions based on a comprehensive analysis of
available data.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Therefore, it can be said that the most important
advantages of this system are reducing expenses and saving time for courts and
human judges, by directing simple cases or those with low financial values to
artificial intelligence. Human courts can focus on more complex cases that
require careful examination and a deep understanding of legal and social
contexts. This reduces the workload on judges and increases the ability of the
judicial system to handle a larger number of more complex cases effectively.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">On the other hand, it facilitates access to courts.
By using modern technologies, people in remote or sparsely populated areas can
easily access the judicial system. Individuals can file their cases online.
Additionally, there is speed and efficiency in decision-making, as evidence and
facts can be analyzed in moments, reducing delays in courts.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">However, can the electronic judge be a real
alternative?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Despite the many advantages that modern technologies
provide in the field of electronic litigation, there are some challenges that
must be overcome before full reliance on artificial intelligence in
adjudicating legal cases is possible. Perhaps the most prominent of these
concerns is that some cases may require consideration of the social and
psychological circumstances of the parties involved, aspects that artificial
intelligence finds difficult to process. This leads to the loss of the human
touch, which is an important part of the decision-making process in some cases,
such as family or ethical cases.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">This may disrupt the application of Article 17 of the
Egyptian Penal Code, which allows the judge to show leniency and reduce the
penalty in felony cases if circumstances require it. Artificial intelligence is
far from emotion, human touch, or judicial sense. It only applies the law and
judicial precedents, without being affected by any other factors or considering
the details of the incident that may relate to the defendant's personality,
whether they deserve another chance, were cooperative, remorseful, or other
factors that a human judge may consider.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">In addition, it may be difficult to determine who
bears responsibility in case of an error in the judgment. Artificial
intelligence relies on algorithms, and it is difficult to determine how
decisions are made. Another concern relates to privacy and security, as
sensitive data in some cases may be at risk of leakage or information breaches.
Therefore, protecting this data remains a vital issue. In addition to
programming biases, artificial intelligence systems rely on the data they are
trained on, and if this data includes social or legal biases, the system may
reflect these biases in its judgments.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Therefore, while electronic litigation using
artificial intelligence is a major step towards developing the judicial system,
its application as a "judge" remains surrounded by many legal and
ethical challenges. More studies and discussions are needed on how to integrate
artificial intelligence into justice without compromising human rights and
ensuring accountability in case of errors.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Therefore, we recommend using artificial intelligence
gradually in simple cases, while the human judge remains in more complex cases,
and that the judgment issued is a preliminary judgment, which the parties may
accept, and making the authority to issue the final judgment with the human
judge.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;">Finally, on the World Intellectual Property Day, the
future may hold more developments in this field. It is expected that this
technology will continue to expand, and artificial intelligence may be used in
more complex judicial cases. With the advancement of artificial intelligence,
its ability to provide more accurate and objective solutions will increase, but
the need for human supervision and legal review remains necessary for the
integrity of justice and to ensure a balance between technical justice and
human justice.

🌐Ayman idres ( Article) :The Electronic Judge: "Artificial Intelligence" The Upcoming Revolution in the Judicial System.

🌐Dr.Hemida Abdelati : Senior IP Consultant in UAE & GCC_ Article / Understanding Intellectual Property Rights in the Workplace.